Medical science, drawn into focus.

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (Subacromial Pain Syndrome)

Overview Shoulder impingement syndrome, now more commonly referred to as subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) , is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. It accounts for ~40–65% of shoulder complaints in primary care and sports medicine settings. It occurs due to mechanical compression of the rotator cuff tendons (most commonly supraspinatus) and subacromial…

Maternal infections

Overviews Maternal infections is a broad term for any infection that is acquired by a pregnant woman antepartum, intrapartum or postpartum. These infections may have detrimental impacts on the mother and the foetus/newborn. 1 Maternal infections covered in this page include TORCH infections as well as Group B Streptococcal infection and chorioamnionitis.  TORCH infections are…

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Overview Peptic ulcer refers to an ulcer in the lower oesophagus, stomach or duodenum. Incidence ↑ with age; both sexes are similarly affected. In the developed world, Helicobacter pylori incidence has been slowly ↓ over the past 50 yrs; Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drug (NSAID) use has ↑. Peptic ulcers remain common worldwide, especially in the developing world where H. pylori infection is prevalent.…

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Overview EGPA (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare, small-to-medium vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and extravascular granulomas. It commonly affects the lungs, skin, peripheral nerves, and heart. Annual incidence: ~1–3 per million; peak onset in 40s–60s; no significant gender bias. Strongly associated with MPO-ANCA positivity in ~40–60% of patients; others are ANCA-negative. Eosinophilia…

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (Spring Fever)

Overview Henoch Schonlein Purpura is a IgA vasculitis characterised by the Tetrad: palpable purpuric petechial rash, abdominal pain, kidney involvement and arthralgia. Aetiology is unknown but thought to have a genetic predisposition. Clinical Manifestation Henoch Schonlein Purpura Tetrad Palpable purpuric petechial rash, abdominal pain, kidney involvement and arthralgia. Recent mucosal infection (respiratory or gastrointestinal) Rash…

Otitis Externa

Overview Acute otitis externa (AOE) is a common ear condition seen in the primary health care setting. Also known as ‘swimmer’s ear’ or ‘tropical ear’, it is prevalent in hot humid climates.  AOE is an inflammatory condition of the ear canal skin. The causes are infective or non-infective. Otitis externa: Inflammation of the outer ear…

Junctional Arrythmias

Overview Junctional rhythms occur when the AV node takes over as the primary pacemaker.  Junctional rhythm usually is associated with a benign course. Mechanism SA node has failed AV node just wants to be faster and takes over Enhanced automaticity in AV nodal cells AVNRT – Seperate condition  where a re-entry loop stimulates the AV node…

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