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Congenital Heart Defect

Overview Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder in newborns. Classification Acyanotic and Cyanotic Pulmonary blood flow Increased Decreased Normal Cyanotic (T's) Acynotic (D's) T etralogy of Fallot AS D T ransposition of the great vessles VS D T ricuspid atresia AVS D T runcus arteriosus Patent D uctus Arteriosus   Other:…

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Overview The polycystic kidney diseases are among the most common life-threatening inherited diseases worldwide and frequently cause kidney failure. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is seen predominantly in adults, whereas autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is mainly a disease of childhood. For ADPKD, screening asymptomatic at-risk adults with a family history by ultrasound…

Acute Cholecystitis

Overview Acute cholecystitis is acute inflammation of the gallbladder, usually caused by a gallstone obstructing the cystic duct. Persistent obstruction causes gallbladder distension, inflammation and possible secondary bacterial infection. Most cases are calculous, while acalculous cholecystitis occurs mainly in critically ill or severely immunocompromised patients. Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of the gallbladder. Calculous cholecystitis: gallbladder inflammation…

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Overview   Inflammatory bowel disease is a common condition. It is divided into two types: Crohn disease and Ulcerative colitis. Both these condition differ in pathology, progression and complication, but they do share a lot similar characteristics as well. Colitis: Inflammation of the colon, which may be due to infectious, autoimmune, ischemic, or idiopathic causes. Inflammatory…

VEXAS Syndrome

Overview VEXAS syndrome is a late-onset, adult autoinflammatory disease caused by acquired somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene, leading to dysregulated innate immunity, systemic inflammation, and overlapping haematologic and rheumatologic manifestations.  VEXAS stands for Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, Autoinflammatory, Somatic. It predominantly affects older males due to its X-linked nature and typically presents with refractory…

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that sits inferior to the bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. It is oval shaped and approximately 4cm thick. The prostate gland is…

Endometriosis

A healthy 25-year-old woman presents with worsening dysmenorrhea, pain of recent onset in the left lower quadrant, and dyspareunia. She has regular menstrual cycles, and her last menstrual period was 3 weeks before presentation. She has been trying to fall pregnant over the past 10 months without success and she is becoming more concerned. Overview…

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