Diabetic Ketoacidosis Overview Diabetic Ketoacidosis may be the presenting feature in a patient not previously recognised as having diabetes. In a patient with known diabetes, it may be precipitated by omitting…

Overview Hypothyroidism is a clinical state resulting from underproduction of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Most cases (95%) are due to primary hypothyroidism, a failure of the thyroid gland to produce…

Overview The most common cause of hyperthyroidism are Graves disease, multinodular goitre, an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule  (adenoma) and subacute thyroiditis. Graves Disease is more common in…

Overview Classification – Overview Terminology History Substance Cervical Os Viability Treatment Threatened Vaginal bleeding No Closed Uncertain Transvaginal ultrasound and hCG levels Inevitable Cramping,…

Overview Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition in which pelvic organs abnormally descend or herniate from their normal attachment sites or their normal position in the pelvis to or beyond the vaginal walls. There…

Overview Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rare chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis, vasculopathy, and autoimmunity. It primarily affects the skin but…

Overview Polymyalgia rheumatica is a common inflammatory condition affecting older adults, typically over 50 years of age, characterised by pain and stiffness in the shoulder and pelvic girdles. It is…

Overview Crystal arthropathies are a diverse group of disorders characterized by deposition of various minerals in joints and soft tissues leading to inflammation. Four main types of crystal…

Overview Mitral stenosis causes an obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle usually as a result of rheumatic heart disease. The stenosis results in increased pressure in the left…

Overview Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and the deposition of immune complexes in various tissues.…