Overview Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) are disorders of impaired bone mineralisation leading to soft, poorly mineralised bone. It arises when there is insufficient calcium–phosphate supply to the…

Overview Reactive arthritis is a seronegative spondyloarthropathy that occurs after a genitourinary or gastrointestinal infection, typically presenting as an asymmetric oligoarthritis, often with…

Overview Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, affecting up to 30% of patients with skin psoriasis. It commonly presents in adults aged 30–50…

Overview Enteropathic arthritis is a subtype of spondyloarthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It affects up to 20% of IBD patients,…

Overview Caplan syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is a rare condition seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had occupational exposure to inhaled dust, particularly coal dust…

Overview CRPS is a disproportionate, regional pain syndrome of a limb that typically follows injury or surgery and features sensory, vasomotor, sudomotor/oedema, and motor/trophic changes. The prevalence…

Overview Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) describes symptomatic joint hypermobility with musculoskeletal (and sometimes systemic) consequences in people who do not meet the 2017 diagnostic criteria…

Overview Chronic widespread pain (CWP) is a nociplastic pain phenotype defined by persistent (≥3 months) pain affecting multiple body regions, with high comorbidity with fatigue, sleep disturbance, mood symptoms…

Overview Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD) is a crystal-induced tendinopathy caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, typically in periarticular soft tissues, especially tendons and…

Overview Pseudogout, more accurately known as calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD), is a crystal arthropathy characterized by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in…