This section looks at gallstone disease in general. For info on cholecystitis specifically click here. Overview Risk factors Protective factors: Anatomy Bile and types of stones Bile Composition TYPES OF…

 Overview Aetiology and Risk Factors Risk Factors Cardiovascular risk factors Atrial fibrillation Recent MI Aortic athersclerosis Aneurysm Prior vascular surgery Deep vein thrombosis (paradoxical embolism)…

Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Acute mesenteric ischemia can result from occlusion of a mesenteric vessel arising from an embolus, which may emanate from an atheroma of the aorta or cardiac mural…

Overview Alzheimer disease is characterised by an insidious onset of symptoms with initial forgetfulness progressing over time to profound memory impairment with accompanying dysphasia, dyspraxia and…

Overview Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet all the needs of the body. It is caused by heart muscle damage or dysfunction, valve problems, heart rhythm…

Overview Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and elevated serum homocysteine levels, especially in older persons. The…

Overview In the clinical setting, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. Iron Deficiency is lack of iron in the body resulting from inadequate iron intake, increased iron loss and increased iron…

Overview Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, hyposmia, bladder…

“Each patient ought to feel somewhat the better after the physician’s visit irrespective of the nature of the illness.” -Warfield Theobald Longcope Overview Multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined as an…

Overview  Inflammatory bowel disease is a common condition. It is divided into two types: Crohn disease and Ulcerative colitis. Both these condition differ in pathology, progression and complication, but they do…