Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease.Nephrotic syndrome classically presents with heavy proteinuria, minimal hematuria,…

Overview Tonsillitis is inflammation or infection of the tonsils. Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that are situated on both side of the throat. Generally, the palatine tonsil are referred to as “the tonsils”.…

Classification Diabetic Retinopathy Overview Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness in the working population. Blindness is preventable. Annual retinal screening is advised for patients at…

Overview Affects 5-10% of pregnancies. Incidence varies between nutritional and genetic factors. Risk of GDM increases with age. Women born in Southern Asia are at particularly higher risk. 50% change of mother…

Overview Diabetes Mellitus type II is a progressive disorder defined by deficits in insulin secretion and action (insulin resistance). 1 in 12 people have diabetes (50% do not know they have it). Diabetes type…

56 year old lady recurrent presentations to your practice for polyuria and increased thirst. Random serum glucose and urinary glucose have returned normal. Patient has otherwise been well, complains of no…

Overview Cushing’s disease is a ACTH dependent syndrome characterised by excess corticosteroid production from the adrenal glands. It is ACTH dependent because it is triggered by an ACTH-secreting pituitary…

Overview The muscle groups of the human limbs are divided into section or compartments. Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) occurs when increased pressure within a compartment compromises circulation and function…

Overview The prevalence of AAA sharply increases with age. Rupture is associated with a high mortality. Screening men over the age of 65 years reduces aneurysm related mortality. Patients diagnosed with small…

Authors Overview Liver cysts are fluid filled cavities in the liver that are asymptomatic and usually found incidentally on abdominal imaging. Larger cysts are more commonly associated with symptoms…