Gestational Diabetes

Overview

Definition

Diabetes: A group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Two types Diabetes Mellitus Type I (autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas) and Type II (insulin resistance followed by beta cell atrohpy)

Gestational Diabetes: diabetes diagnosed during the second half of pregnancy with no prior existing diabetes.

Affects 5-10% of pregnancies. Incidence varies between nutritional and genetic factors. Risk of GDM increases with age. Women born in Southern Asia are at particularly higher risk. 50% change of mother to develop Type II Diabetes later in life.

Pregnancy Physiology

Physiology Changes in Pregnancy

Aetiology and Risk Factors

Risk Factors

Previous GDM

Increase BMI

Maternal age >40yo

Family history

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Low fibre diet

Weight gain as young adult

Current use of glucocorticoids and antipsychotics?

Pathophysiology

Normal Physiology

Maternal metabolism switches from carbohydrates to fat utilisation
Subsequent pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia
Increased insulin secretion
Early increase in insulin sensitivity causes progressive insulin resistance.

Pathophysiology

Placenta produces growth hormone, CRH, placental lactinogen and progesterone.
These hormones promote glucose intake by the fetus by causing insulin resistance in the mother
Hyperglycaemia in circulation eventually cause the release of fetal insulin causing insulinaemia

Clinical Manifestation

Clinical Presentation generally asymptomatic

Classic signs of Type II Diabetes (4P’s)

Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Parasaethsia
Polyuria

1/1

Screening/Diagnosis

In Australia oral glucose tolerance test (75g) at 24 and 28weeks.

Test at 1 hour >10 or 2 hour >8.5
Fasting glucose 5.1 hour

Diagnosing diabetes mellitus in pregnancy: The 7/11 rule. Fasting plasma glucose >7mmol/L and random BGL >11 mmol/L with symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

It is important to test for gestational diabetes because it can cause congenital abnormalities, miscarriages, organomegaly, hydramnios, pre-eclampsia, maternal and infant birth trauma, perinatal mortality and neonatal metabolic and respiratory problems.

Treatment

Diagnosis GDM then management of a multidisciplinary team (i.e endocrinologist, diabetic educator).

Monthly ultrasound to check for foetal macrosomia.
Diet, exercise and blood glucose monitoring.
If glucose unstable change to insulin.
Induction of labour if continuously unstable gestational diabetes before term or early at term – to prevent complications
Postpartum (after delivery) stop insulin and glucose infusions, check blood glucose prior to discharge, follow up 6 weeks for oral glucose tolerance test, educate (as 50% risk of developing diabetes mellitus over the next 25years).

Why treat GDM? Reduction in composite outcome of death, shoulder dystocia, bone fracture and nerve palsy. Reduction in infants weighing >90th birth-centile.