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Archives: Diseases

Nephrotic Syndrome

Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease.Nephrotic syndrome classically presents with heavy proteinuria, minimal hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema, and hypertension. In general, all patients…
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Urinary Tract Infection

Overview Infection of the urinary tract is common and more so in women (due to shorter urethra and hormonal changes). UTIs may be classified as either a lower (Cystitis, urethritis…
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Chronic Kidney Disease

Overview CKD is responsible for a substantial burden of illness and premature death. The kidneys are basically not working as good. Kidney Physiology eGFR Limitations to eGFR Accurate to +/-…
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Anal Fissure

Overview Anal fissure is a split in the skin of the distal anal canal. It presents with severe pain on defecation, like passing “glass shards”, and rectal bleeding. It is…
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that…
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Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Overview Developmental Dyplasia of the hip (DDH) is previously known as congenital dislocation of the hip  (however name changed as some of the hip problems develop after birth). Spectrum of condition related to…
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Paediatric Orthopaedics Overview

Osteochondroses Osteochondroses is a condition that affects the epiphysis of bones. Pathology consists of localised area of ischaemic bone necrosis and oedema of adjacent soft tissue. Age effects usually 10-15…
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Asthma in Emergency

Introduction Most asthma deaths occur outside hospital and are: Asthma Assessment Mild-Moderate (maybe admitted to hospital or more likely may improve and go home) Severe (admitted to hospital) Life-Threatening (Admitted to hospital…
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Bronchiectasis

Overview Bronchiectasis was a common disabling and fatal condition in the pre-antibiotic era and remains more common in medically underserved regions of the world. Irreversible dilatation of airways due to…
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Miscarriage

Overview Classification – Overview Terminology History Substance Cervical Os Viability Treatment Threatened Vaginal bleeding No Closed Uncertain Transvaginal ultrasound and hCG levels Inevitable Cramping, bleeding No Open Abortion is inevitable…
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