Achalasia (esophageal) – signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, investigations and treatment

Achalasia is a rare disorder that results from progressive destruction of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus of the oesophageal wall. The destruction of these cells leads to the inability of the lower oesophageal sphincter to relax, and leads to the loss of peristalsis of the distal oesophagus. As a result there is dilatation of the distal oesophagus. Patients often present with dysphagia, regurgitation, heart-burn/reflux, and weight loss. Achalasia can occur at any age, but most likely diagnosed in those ages 25-60.