Overview Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, hyposmia, bladder…

Overview Sleep apnea syndrome is an extremely common medical disorder associated with important morbidity. Sleep Apnea and can be classified as: This page will mainly focus on Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.…

Overview Scaphoid fracture is the most common carpal bone fracture, accounting for ~60–70% of all carpal fractures. It occurs most frequently in young adults (15–40 years) following a fall on the outstretched…

Overview Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) are disorders of impaired bone mineralisation leading to soft, poorly mineralised bone. It arises when there is insufficient calcium–phosphate supply to the…

Overview Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Risk Factors Clinical Manifestation Clinical Presentation Physical examination Assessment of weight and obesity Limitations of BMI on: Muscular people Elderly…

Overview Melanoma accounts for 4 percent of all dermatological cancer. Melanoma has the highest mortality rate of all dermatological cancers, only 14 percent of patients with metastatic melanoma survive for…

Overview Marfan’s Syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disease affecting connective tissues in the body, resulting in symptoms such as…

Overview Affects 5-10% of pregnancies. Incidence varies between nutritional and genetic factors. Risk of GDM increases with age. Women born in Southern Asia are at particularly higher risk. 50% change of mother…

Overview CKD is responsible for a substantial burden of illness and premature death. The kidneys are basically not working as good. Kidney Physiology eGFR Limitations to eGFR Accurate to +/- 30% Not for use…

Overview Carotid artery disease refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid artery lumen. It is associated with approximately 10-15% of all ischaemic strokes. Stroke is the third leading cause of death…