This section looks at gallstone disease in general. For info on cholecystitis specifically click here. Overview Risk factors Protective factors: Anatomy Bile and types of stones Bile Composition TYPES OF…

 Overview Aetiology and Risk Factors Risk Factors Cardiovascular risk factors Atrial fibrillation Recent MI Aortic athersclerosis Aneurysm Prior vascular surgery Deep vein thrombosis (paradoxical embolism)…

Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Acute mesenteric ischemia can result from occlusion of a mesenteric vessel arising from an embolus, which may emanate from an atheroma of the aorta or cardiac mural…

Overview Alzheimer disease is characterised by an insidious onset of symptoms with initial forgetfulness progressing over time to profound memory impairment with accompanying dysphasia, dyspraxia and…

Overview Critical limb ischaemia (CLI) represents grade III and IV chronic limb ischaemia (based on the Fontaine classification). It presents with rest pain, breakdown of skin and inability to heal an…

Overview Goodpasture syndrome, now more precisely termed anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is a rare autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys, typically manifesting…

Overview EGPA (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare, small-to-medium vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and extravascular granulomas. It commonly affects the lungs,…

Overview Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) is a rare, chronic, systemic necrotising vasculitis affecting small-to-medium-sized vessels, characterised by granulomatous…

Overview Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), also known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is the most common primary vasculitis in children (peak incidence 4–7 years), with seasonal peaks after upper respiratory…

Overview Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis is an immune complex–mediated small to medium vessel vasculitis caused by circulating cryoglobulins—immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37 °C and redissolve on…