Medical science, drawn into focus.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia

Overview Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and elevated serum homocysteine levels, especially in older persons. The recognition and treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency is critical since it is a reversible cause of bone marrow failure and demyelinating nervous system disease. Anaemia (Anemia):  The…

Achilles Tendinopathy & Rupture

Overview Achilles tendinopathy & rupture are common causes of posterior ankle pain and disability, particularly in active adults. Tendinopathy presents with chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired function, while rupture is an acute injury characterised by a sudden “pop” and loss of plantarflexion power. Achilles tendon injuries are increasingly prevalent due to sports participation, with rupture…

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Overview Complex chronic syndrome characterised by recurrent abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction, in the absence of a structural abnormality. It is not associated with an increase in mortality, however, it is associated with substantial morbidity and a significant decrease in an individual’s quality of life. IBS IBD IBS belongs to a group of disorders collectively known as Functional…

RA Related Pleural Effusion

Overview Rheumatoid pleural effusion (RPE) is an uncommon extra‑articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), occurring in ~2–5% of patients, more often in middle‑aged men with high rheumatoid factor (RF) titres, despite RA being more common in women. It typically presents during active disease or in patients with rheumatoid nodules, but can occasionally precede joint symptoms.…

Genital Prolapse

Overview Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition in which pelvic organs abnormally descend or herniate from their normal attachment sites or their normal position in the pelvis to or beyond the vaginal walls. There are varying degrees of prolapse. In the most severe cases, the pelvic organ can prolapse through the genital hiatus. It can be asymptomatic…

Gestational Diabetes

Overview Diabetes:  A group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.   Two types Diabetes Mellitus Type I (autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas) and Type II (insulin resistance followed by beta cell atrohpy) Gestational Diabetes:  diabetes diagnosed during the second half of pregnancy with…

Chronic Pancreatitis

Overview Chronic pancreatitis is characterised by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain arising from the pancreas. The inflammatory process results in irreversible destruction and fibrosis of the pancreas. Often associated with exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Acute Pancreatitis: An inflammatory process in which pancreatic enzymes are activated and cause autodigestion of the gland. Chronic Pancreatitis: Irreversible…

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