Overview Acute kidney injury (AKI) (formerly acute renal failure) is the syndrome arising from a rapid fall in GFR (over hours to days). It is characterized by retention of both nitrogenous (including Urea…

Overview Cardiac arrest is a state of circulatory failure due to a loss of cardiac systolic function. It is the result of 4 specific cardiac rhythm disturbances: Epidemiology Initial Assessment and…

Overview Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot in a vein deep under the skin 25-50% of surgical patients and many non-surgical patients. 65% of DVT are below the knee are symptomatic and…

75 year old presents to emergency with a 2 day history nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. He has not been tolerating oral fluids and is currently confused with a GCS of 14. He has a past…

Overview Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomerulus.  Glomerulonephritis is classified by clinical syndrome/presentation (e.g. nephritic or nephrotic syndrome), histological appearance , or…

Overview  The spondyloarthropathies are a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors and clinical features. Their most characteristic feature is inflammatory…

Overview Umbilical hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions in infants and children. In infantile umbilical hernia there is a pathological failure of obliteration of umbilical defect. Umbilical…

Overview Birth defects are the leading cause of perinatal and post- neonatal deaths, and result in substantial morbidity and disability in developed countries. There is a wide variety of mechanisms…

Overview The successful transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is dependent upon significant physiologic changes that occur at birth. High-risk delivery Infants who are more likely to…