0:00 Armando Hasudungan, Biology and Medicine videos, please make sure to subscribe, 0:06 join 0:06 the forum and group for the latest videos, please visit Facebook, Armando Hasud 0:13 ungan. 0:13 In this video, we're going to look at the fed state and what the body does when 0:19 just 0:20 after we eat. 0:22 So just drawing some important structures. 0:26 Here I'm drawing the intestine. 0:28 The small intestine, you could say, because the small intestine in particular 0:32 duodenum 0:33 is the main area where food is absorbed by our body. 0:39 So within the duodenum, we have the end products of digestion, which are monos 0:45 accharides, glucose 0:46 in particular, amino acids, as well as fatty acids and monoglycerides. 0:56 And here I'm drawing the bloodstream as well as the liver, which is the most 1:07 important 1:08 organ in metabolism and in storing these molecules that we will absorb from the 1:20 intestines. 1:22 Another important organ besides the liver is the pancreas, which is extremely 1:25 important 1:26 in metabolism as well. 1:29 So just after we eat, there will be an increase in plasma glucose levels. 1:35 An increase in blood glucose, as well as the stimulation of the parasympathetic 1:42 neuron, 1:42 will cause the pancreas to secrete or produce a hormone called insulin, which I 1:51 draw here 1:52 as I. 1:54 So insulin is a very important hormone in the fed state. 1:59 Now back to the duodenum, the intestines. 2:01 Let's see what happens to each of these macromolecules, just after we've eaten. 2:10 So glucose will be absorbed in the blood. 2:13 Glucose will then travel to the liver. 2:17 The liver will store glucose as glycogen. 2:24 After it's done that, the glucose can actually be converted to pyruvate to 2:30 produce energy, 2:31 which is ATP. 2:33 Pyruvate can then also convert to acylic OA. 2:37 Acylic OA can enter the Krebs cycle to produce more ATP, as well as carbon 2:42 dioxide as a metabolic 2:44 waste. 2:46 There alternatively acylic OA can actually produce fatty acids, which then can 2:53 form triglycerides 2:55 at the end. 2:58 Triglycerides are packaged up by the liver during the fed state. 3:02 They are packaged up into what's called lipoproteins, which are essentially lip 3:09 ids, which are triglycerides 3:11 with proteins. 3:12 These lipoproteins will travel in the blood and will travel to adipose tissues. 3:21 Adipose tissues are essentially fat storing tissues. 3:26 So these triglycerides, once they arrive in the adipose tissue, they will be 3:30 stored there 3:31 as triglycerides. 3:36 Of course, just after we eat, as I mentioned, we have an increase in blood 3:41 glucose. 3:42 Glucose can actually be up taken by the adipose tissues. 3:48 And the glucose can then be converted to acylic OA in the adipose tissues to 3:53 make fatty acids 3:54 and then triglycerides, which then will be stored in the adipose tissue. 4:01 The glucose can actually be taken up by muscles as well, skeletal muscles in 4:06 particular. 4:07 The glucose can be used as energy to produce ATP and carbon dioxide as waste. 4:13 The skeletal muscles can also store glucose as glycogen, just like the liver. 4:21 Glucose can also supply the brain with energy. 4:23 The brain's main source of energy is glucose. 4:27 Glucose in the brain will produce ATP and carbon dioxide as waste. 4:34 One thing to note also is that the lipoproteins, well, actually, the fats 4:39 within the lipoproteins, 4:41 can actually go to the heart because the heart uses fatty acids as their main 4:46 source of energy. 4:48 So when the triglycerides, when the lipoprotein travels to the heart, the heart 4:54 will utilize 4:55 the fatty acids to produce ATP and also it will not use glycerol. 5:02 They will travel back to the liver for recycling. 5:07 So now let us look at some of the functions of insulin in the fed state with 5:12 glucose in 5:12 particular. 5:13 Well, insulin will actually stimulate the uptake of glucose to the liver by the 5:20 blood. 5:20 Not directly, but indirectly. 5:23 But insulin will inhibit the secretion of glucose to the blood from the liver. 5:30 insulin will stimulate the uptake of glucose to adipose sites to produce more 5:39 triglycerides. 5:41 Insulin will also stimulate the uptake of glucose to skeletal muscle cells and 5:46 also stimulate 5:48 glycogen production in muscle. 5:51 Not only that, but insulin will also stimulate glycogen production in the liver 5:55 as well as 5:56 stimulate glycolysis in the liver. 6:01 So now that we looked at glucose, let us look at what happens to amino acids. 6:05 Well, amino acids are absorbed into the blood just like glucose. 6:10 Amino acids are taken up by the liver to synthesize proteins. 6:16 Insulin stimulates amino acid uptake from the blood to the liver. 6:23 Now fatty acids and monoglycerides are quite unique in that they are not 6:27 absorbed into 6:27 the bloodstream, but instead they are absorbed to the lymphatic system. 6:33 They're absorbed to the lymphatic vessels. 6:38 And they're actually absorbed as chylic-coli microns, which are essentially 6:42 packaged up 6:44 triglycerides. 6:46 These chylic microns, these packaged up triglycerides, will then be carried 6:52 through the lymphatic 6:53 vessels towards the thoracic duct, which then will essentially transfer these 6:59 triglycerides 7:00 to the bloodstream. 7:02 Once in the bloodstream, these fats will essentially go to the liver to make 7:10 triglycerides and 7:12 then packaged up as lipoproteins by the liver and then be sent to adipose 7:18 tissue to be 7:19 stored as triglycerides. 7:24 So the main things to take out of the fed state is that the body absorbs 7:29 glucose, amino 7:30 acids, fatty acids, and monoglycerides, and that they are stored. 7:36 They are stored as glycogen, proteins, and triglycerides. 7:42 To the fed state, what we see is glycogenesis, production of glycogen, glycoly 7:49 sis, lipogenesis, 7:51 production of triglycerides, lipids, and protein synthesis. 7:56 Next video, we'll look at the fasted state and as well as the starved state. 8:02 Yeah, thank you. 8:12 the fasted state. 8:14 Thank you. 8:15 Thank you. 8:16 Thank you. 8:17 Thank you. 8:18 Thank you.
