Medical science, drawn into focus.

Alzheimer's Disease

Overview Alzheimer disease is characterised by an insidious onset of symptoms with initial forgetfulness progressing over time to profound memory impairment with accompanying dysphasia, dyspraxia and personality change. Dementia: Clinical syndrome that is characterised by a progressive deterioration in cognition with resulting decline in function. Alzheimer disease:  Characterised by an insidious onset of symptoms with initial…

Crystal Arthropathy

Overview Crystal arthropathies are a diverse group of disorders characterized by deposition of various minerals in joints and soft tissues leading to inflammation. Four main types of crystal arthropathies: Gout : The most common of all the crystal arthropathies, caused by monosodium urate crystal precipitation, and its prevalence appears to be increasing. Pseudogout: caused by calcium…

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Overview Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot in a vein deep under the skin 25-50% of surgical patients and many non-surgical patients. 65% of DVT are below the knee are symptomatic and rarely embolism to the lung. There are many causes of DVT. Thrombus:  blood clot  Thrombosis:  blood clot that forms in…

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Overview Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and the deposition of immune complexes in various tissues. It predominantly affects women of childbearing age, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 9:1. The disease is more prevalent among individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent, and its…

Guillain–Barré Syndrome

Overview Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyneuropathy typically triggered by a preceding gastrointestinal or respiratory infection. It is characterised by an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerves, leading to mainly demyelination but also axonal degeneration, which impairs nerve conduction and causes muscle weakness and paralysis. GBS affects about 1–2 per 100,000 people annually.…

Long-Term Complications of Diabetes (Overview)

Overview Classification Microvascular Complications Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Macrovascular Complications Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Diabetic foot Diabetic Retinopathy Overview Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness in the working population. Blindness is preventable. Annual retinal screening is advised for patients at risk. Pre-symptomatic screening enables laser photocoagulation to be used, aimed to stop production of…

Resuscitation of Newborn

Overview The successful transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is dependent upon significant physiologic changes that occur at birth. Successful transition – 90% Need some intervention – 10% Require extensive resuscitative measures -  1% High-risk delivery Infants who are more likely to require resuscitation can be identified by the presence of one or more of…

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