Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the…

Overview Nephritic syndrome is one of two clinical patterns seen in glomerular disease. Nephritic Syndrome is characterised by haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and oligouria. Nephritic syndrome can…

Overview Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of major congenital anomalies comprising anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele that result from very early disruption in the development of the brain…

Overview Gastroenteritis continues to cause significant morbidity in developed and developing countries. The most common cause are viral and bacterial including: Gastroenteritis is usually…

Overview Acute liver failure is a rare but life-threatening critical illness that occurs most often in patients who do not have preexisting liver disease. Acute liver failure is seen most commonly in…

Overview Hepatocellular carcinoma (also known as hepatoma ) is a primary cancer arising from hepatocytes in predominantly cirrhotic liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of death worldwide,…

Overview Physiological Changes in Pregnancy Uterus, Vagina and Breast Physiology changes Uterus (Cervix + Isthmus + Body of uterus) Vagina Breast Endocrine Physiology changes Pituitary Gland  Thyroid hormones…

Overview Classification WHO Classification of Primary Brain Tumors Neuroepithelial tumors Astrocytic tumors Oligodendroglial tumors Oligoastrocytic tumors Ependymal tumors Choroid plexus tumors Neuronal and…

Overview Transient ischemic attack is defined as transient neurologic symptoms without evidence of acute infarction. It is a common and important risk factor for future stroke. TIAs are produced by…

Overview Alzheimer disease is characterised by an insidious onset of symptoms with initial forgetfulness progressing over time to profound memory impairment with accompanying dysphasia, dyspraxia and…