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Umbilical and Epigastric Hernia

Overview Umbilical and Epigastric hernias are types of Primary Ventral abdominal wall hernias. Epigastric hernias are two to three times more common in men.  Umbilical hernias are three times more likely in females. Most epigastric hernias contain preperitoneal fat, while most umbilical hernias contain omentum or bowel. These hernias are usually asymptomatic unless incarcerated, obstructed…

Parkinson's Disease

Overview Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, hyposmia, bladder and bowel dysfunction, fatigue, dementia, and other neuropsychiatric symptom. Although the disease has no cure, available treatments effectively control motor symptoms and improve quality of life. Parkinson disease affects approximately 1…

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that sits inferior to the bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. It is oval shaped and approximately 4cm thick. The prostate gland is…

Cerebral Palsy

Overview Cerebral palsy is a non-Progressive neurological disorder. Usually with significant motor component. Clinical presentation overtime changes due to increased developmental challenges.Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood. Prevalence is about 1 – 3/ 1000 live births. Cerebral palsy can affect: Cerebral cortex – causing spasticity Basal ganglia – causing dyskinesia…

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the bone marrow leading to overcrowding affecting other cell lineage. It is the commonest cancer in childhood, rare in adults and has a strong associated with…

Psoriatic Arthritis

Overview Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, affecting up to 30% of patients with skin psoriasis. It commonly presents in adults aged 30–50 years, with equal gender distribution. The disease is highly variable, involving peripheral joints, axial skeleton, entheses, and skin/nails. Delay in diagnosis is common and can result…

Behçet’s Disease

Overview Behçet’s syndrome is a chronic, relapsing, multisystem inflammatory disorder and variable-vessel vasculitis characterized classically by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, ocular inflammation, and skin lesions. It can also involve the joints, vessels, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract.  The disease is most prevalent along the historic “Silk Road” region, including Turkey, the Middle East, and…

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