Overview Critical limb ischaemia (CLI) represents grade III and IV chronic limb ischaemia (based on the Fontaine classification). It presents with rest pain, breakdown of skin and inability to heal an…

Overview Goodpasture syndrome, now more precisely termed anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is a rare autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys, typically manifesting…

Overview EGPA (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare, small-to-medium vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and extravascular granulomas. It commonly affects the lungs,…

Overview Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) is a rare, chronic, systemic necrotising vasculitis affecting small-to-medium-sized vessels, characterised by granulomatous…

Overview Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), also known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is the most common primary vasculitis in children (peak incidence 4–7 years), with seasonal peaks after upper respiratory…

Overview Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) exists on a spectrum of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). NVP refers to symptoms of nausea, vomiting or dry retching commencing in the first trimester, with no…

Overview Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterised by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, impaired wound healing, and absence of pus formation due to…

Overview DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) is a congenital immunodeficiency and multisystem disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22. It leads to defective development of the third…

Overview Felty syndrome is a rare but serious extra-articular manifestation of long-standing, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by the classic triad of RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. It…

Overview Sjögren’s Syndrome is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of exocrine glands, primarily affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading…