Overview Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Risk Factors Clinical Manifestation Cardiovascular Examination Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Investigations Diagnosis Echocardiography is diagnostic in acute…

Overview Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Risk Factors Clinical Manifestation Clinical Presentation Physical examination Assessment of weight and obesity Limitations of BMI on: Muscular people Elderly…

Overview Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform (worm-like) appendix. It is mainly caused by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by stool, infective agents or lymphoid hyperplasia.…

Overview In this common disorder of adolescence the tibial tubercle becomes painful and ‘swollen’. Although often called osteochondritis and apophysitis, it is nothing more than a traction injury of the…

Overview Achilles tendinopathy & rupture are common causes of posterior ankle pain and disability, particularly in active adults. Tendinopathy presents with chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired function,…

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that sits…

Overview Autosomal dominant disease characterised by trinucleotide repeat of CTG. Also known as Dystrophica Myotoncia the disease is causes an increase in muscle tone (Myotonia) with associated degeneration…

Overview Urinary incontinence is an important condition because it causes significant distress. Approximately 15% of the general female adult population have a significant problem with urinary…

Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the…