Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the…

Overview The menopause means the final menstrual period – diagnosed retrospectively after one year of amenorrhoea. Cessation occurs due to loss of ovarian function. The “declining oocyte pool” theory states that…

Overview Urinary incontinence is an important condition because it causes significant distress. Approximately 15% of the general female adult population have a significant problem with urinary…

Overview Sickle cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder causing production of abnormal ß-globin chains. A single amino acid is substituted in the ß-globin chain (Glu to Val at position 6). This results…

Overview Hepatocellular carcinoma (also known as hepatoma ) is a primary cancer arising from hepatocytes in predominantly cirrhotic liver. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of death worldwide,…

Classification Diabetic Retinopathy Overview Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness in the working population. Blindness is preventable. Annual retinal screening is advised for patients at…

Overview Diabetes Mellitus type II is a progressive disorder defined by deficits in insulin secretion and action (insulin resistance). 1 in 12 people have diabetes (50% do not know they have it). Diabetes type…

Overview Cushing’s disease is a ACTH dependent syndrome characterised by excess corticosteroid production from the adrenal glands. It is ACTH dependent because it is triggered by an ACTH-secreting pituitary…

Overview The muscle groups of the human limbs are divided into section or compartments. Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) occurs when increased pressure within a compartment compromises circulation and function…

Authors Overview Liver cysts are fluid filled cavities in the liver that are asymptomatic and usually found incidentally on abdominal imaging. Larger cysts are more commonly associated with symptoms…