Medical science, drawn into focus.

Aortic Regurgitation (incompetence)

Overview Patients with acute mitral  regurgitation  (MR) are often gravely ill with significant hemodynamic abnormalities that require urgent medical and usually surgical  treatment . Aortic Reguritation produces a “diastolic murmur”, which is a murmur heart after the second heart sound (S2 – aortic and pulmonary valve closure) when the ventricles are filled with blood. Aetiology &…

Pregnancy (not a disease)

Overview Pregnancy – Overview Physiological Changes in Pregnancy Uterus, Vagina and Breast Physiology changes Uterus (Cervix + Isthmus + Body of uterus) Muscle hypertrophy til 20weeks then stretching till term. Uterine and ovarian arteries undergo hypertrophy Cervix Reduced collagen → allows dilatation Hypertrophy of cervical glands → thick mucus plug Uterine body ↑size, shape, shape and consitency Increases…

Gestational Diabetes

Overview Diabetes:  A group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.   Two types Diabetes Mellitus Type I (autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas) and Type II (insulin resistance followed by beta cell atrohpy) Gestational Diabetes:  diabetes diagnosed during the second half of pregnancy with…

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Overview Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and Acute Kidney Disease (AKD) describe a spectrum of sudden decline in renal function occurring over hours to days, characterized by a rapid drop in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (azotemia), and deregulation of extracellular fluid volume and electrolytes. Under the KDIGO framework, AKI represents acute…

Hyper-IgE Syndrome (Job’s Syndrome)

Overview Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterised by markedly elevated serum IgE, recurrent staphylococcal skin and lung infections, eczema, and connective tissue/ skeletal abnormalities. Most commonly caused by autosomal dominant mutations in STAT3 , it results in impaired Th17 cell differentiation and defective neutrophil chemotaxis. Autosomal recessive forms (DOCK8, TYK2 mutations) present…

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Overview Complex chronic syndrome characterised by recurrent abdominal pain and bowel dysfunction, in the absence of a structural abnormality. It is not associated with an increase in mortality, however, it is associated with substantial morbidity and a significant decrease in an individual’s quality of life. IBS IBD IBS belongs to a group of disorders collectively known as Functional…

Marfans Syndrome

Overview Marfan's Syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disease affecting connective tissues in the body, resulting in symptoms such as aortic dissection and musculoskeletal deformities. However, no family history of Marfan's does not exclude the diagnosis as 30% can occur through gene mutation. Marfan syndrome:…

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