Overview

Classification

Papillary thyroid carcinoma constitutes approximately 80% of all thyroid cancers. It is more common in women.

Follicular thyroid carcinoma constitutes 15% of all thyroid cancers. The mean patient age in most studies is 50 years. FTC is more common in women

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is associated with MEN type 2. MTC accounts for 5–10% of all thyroid cancers. Presents with a lump in the neck and calcitonin systemic effects include flushing and diarrhea

Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid cancer is rare with a peak incidence in the seventh decade. It is characterized by rapid growth of a firm/hard fixed tumor.

Lymphoma is uncommon. Almost always associated with autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Occurs more commonly in women and in patients aged >40 years. It is Characterized by rapid enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Signs and Symptoms

Aetiology

• Irradiation
• Iodine – follicular carcinoma
• Genetic syndrome (RET/PTC1, RET/PTC2 and RET/PTC3 TRK (less common)
• Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid (PMC)

Pathophysiology

Management